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- Transplants and Diabetes <Uploaded: January 24>
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-
- Three Toronto scientists have developed an organ transplant
- procedure that could, among its many benefits, reverse
- diabetes.
-
- The procedure was developed by Bernard Leibel, Julio Martin
- and Walter Zingg at the University of Toronto and the
- Hospital for Sick Children.
-
- The story of their work began in 1978, when they delved into
- research which had never before been tried. They wanted to
- determine if the success rate of organ transplants would
- increase if the recipient was injected with
- minute amounts of organ tissue prior to the transplant. The
- intention was to adapt the recipient to the transplanted
- tissue and thereby raise the threshold of rejection.
-
- In the case of the diabetes experiment, this meant injecting
- rats with pancreatic tissue before transplanting islets of
- Langerhans, small clusters of cells scattered throughout the
- pancreas which produce insulin, glucagon, and somatostatin.
-
- In their first experiment, outbred Wistar rats were injected
- with increasing amounts of minced pancreas from unrelated
- donor rats for one year while a control group was left
- untreated. Then both the treated and control groups received
- injections of approximately 500-800 islets of Langerhans
- from unrelated donors. Of the five treated animals, two
- became clinically and biochemically permanently normal. Six
- months later, Martin examined the cured rats and found
- intact, functioning islets secreting all of their hormones,
- including insulin. None of the controls were cured.
-
- Encouraged by their first results, Leibel, Martin, and Zingg
- decided to repeat the experiment with rats with much
- stronger immune barriers (higher levels of rejection). Seven
- rats out of nine were cured. "We set up a protocol and
- worked patiently with small numbers," says Leibel, "but the
- results are indisputable."
-
- In addition to reversing diabetes, there are two other
- benefits to the pre-treatment procedure, according to the
- scientists. The first is that the pancreas produces all the
- other hormones of a normal pancreas, not just insulin. The
- second benefit is that the transplant recipient doesn't have
- to take immunosuppressive drugs, which are so toxic for
- diabetics. At present, diabetics who receive a transplanted
- pancreas must take such drugs for life.
-
- The scientists eventual goal is a human trial, but they
- admit it will be years before such a study is conducted. The
- obvious benefit for diabetics, if human trials prove
- successful, would be a return to a normal life without
- dietary restrictions or insulin shots. But to Liebel, the
- most important reason to continue research is to eliminate
- the debilitating, degenerative diseases such as kidney, eye
- and heart failure that eventually plague the aging diabetic.
-